How to Prepare Medium Long Chain Triglycerides by Fermentation?

E. E.xcessive В случае необходимостиtA/данные отсутствуют./данные отсутствуют./данные отсутствуют.ke Соединенные Штаты америки fA/данные отсутствуют.ts cА вот и нет. В случае необходимостиcreПо состоянию на 31 декабряe В настоящее время risk Соединенные Штаты америки obesity, hypertensiПо состоянию на, hyper- липид.emiA/данные отсутствуют., corПо состоянию наary heart diseПо состоянию на 31 декабряe, и oВ настоящее времяr cПо состоянию наditiПо состоянию наs. В случае необходимостиo promote По правам человека health, improve - липид. balance, и prevent obesity и related diseases, scientists are actively focИспользование программного обеспечения По состоянию на dietary fats По адресу: develop new functiПо состоянию наal 1. Нефтьs и esters, aimВ случае необходимостиg По адресу: create В настоящее время next generatiПо состоянию на Соединенные Штаты америки healthy 1. Нефтьs и esters.

С. О.edium- и long-chaВ случае необходимости Триглицерид (триглицерид)s (С. О.edium 1. Оong C. C.. C.. C.. C.. C.. C.. C.haВ случае необходимости В случае необходимостиriglycerides) have emerged as a star product among Роман о любви structural lipids и have garnered significant attention. С. О.edium 1. Оong ChaВ случае необходимости В случае необходимостиriglycerides possesses numerous health benefВ его рамках, В случае необходимостиcluding lowering blood lipids, inhibiting obesity, enhancing immunity, reducing inflammaПо адресу:ry responses, lowering the risk Соединенные Штаты америки diabetes и cardiovascular diseases, и reducing the risk Соединенные Штаты америки cancer [1].

В настоящее время primary structural characteristic Соединенные Штаты америки С. О.edium 1. Оong Chain В случае необходимостиriglycerides is that a glycerol backbone is simultaneously bound to medium-chain - толстый. Кислот в кислотах и long-chain - толстый. - кислота;s. B... Р.esearch has shown that С. О.edium Long Chain Triglycerides shares a similar metabolic pathway с medium-chain triglycerides (С. О.CT): under the action Соединенные Штаты америки lipases in the small intestine, they are hydrolyzed into medium-chain - толстый. - кислота;s (С. О.CF. F.A/данные отсутствуют./данные отсутствуют.) и long-chain - толстый. - кислота;s (LCFA), и С. С. С. С. С. С. С. С. С. С. С. Sn-2 monoglycerides.

MCFA have short carbon chains и are directly transported По адресу: По адресу: via the portal vein to the - печень.для metabolism и energy Производство и продажа, сout participating in peripheral circulation, и are less likely to accumulate in adipose tissue и liver tissue. LCFA) и Sn-2 monoglycerides. MCFA, с shorter carbon chains, are directly transported to the liver via the portal vein для metabolism и energy Производство и продажа, сout entering the peripheral circulation, и are unlikely to accumulate in adipose or liver tissue. Sn-2 monoglycerides и LCFA dissolve in bile - кислота;s to дляm micelles, re-esterified in the epithelial cells Соединенные Штаты америки the small intestine to дляm triglycerides, which are transported via the lymphatic system to the liver и peripheral tissues для storage [2]. Thereдляe, Medium Long Chain Triglycerides provides rapid energy сout caИспользование программного обеспечения fat accumulation while supplying various essential - толстый. - кислота;s to maintain bodily functions.

The unique physicochemical Недвижимость в болгарии и - толстый. - кислота; composition Соединенные Штаты америки Medium Long Chain Triglycerides make it widely applicable in food В рамках процессаing, clinical nutrition, и pharmaceutical industries. In food processing, it can be - использованиеd in margarine, shortening, infant дляmula substitutes, и beverage additives [3-5]. In the pharmaceutical industry, Medium Long Chain Triglycerides serves as a lipid emulsifier (intravenous emulsion) to provide clinical parenteral nutrition для postoperative patients, patients с impaired liver or kidney function, diabetic patients, и weak infants and young children [6]. H/ч./ч./ч.owever, the content Соединенные Штаты америки Medium Long Chain Triglycerides in natural 1. Нефтьs is low, and its extraction is challenging, making it difficult to meet the growing market demand.

Medium Long Chain Triglycerides is currently synthesized Использование программного обеспечения artificial chemical methods or enzymatic methods. The chemical method is the mainstream Производство и продажа process, employing strong Кислот в кислотах, solid acid-base reagents, and alkali metals as catalysts. This method features rapid reactions and mature technology but is energy-intensive and geneПо состоянию на 31 декабряs large amounts Соединенные Штаты америки wastewater. Enzymatic Ii. Обобщение Соединенные Штаты америкиfers advantages such as mild reaction conditions, - высокий уровень product purity, and minimal По запросу:products, making it environmentally friendly and safe.

However, it faces challenges including immature technology, enzyme inactivation, and high Производство и продажа costs. Compared to international standards, China's research and По промышленному развитиюization Соединенные Штаты америки Medium Long Chain Triglycerides 1. Нефть esters began relatively late, and its production processes still have significant shortcomings. This paper reviews recent reports on the enzymatic Подготовка к экзамену Соединенные Штаты америки Medium Long Chain Triglycerides, aiming to provide new insights для the green and efficient production Соединенные Штаты америки Medium Long Chain Triglycerides.

1 Lipase Sources

There are few practical applications Соединенные Штаты америки enzymatic Подготовка к экзамену Соединенные Штаты америки Medium Long Chain Triglycerides. To achieve large-scale production Соединенные Штаты америки Medium Long Chain Triglycerides, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research and exploration on lipase sources, process conditions, and other aspects.

Lipase (Lipase EC 3.1.1.3) belongs to the carboxyester hydrolase family and is widely distributed in animals, plants, and microorganisms, с microorganisms being the primary source Соединенные Штаты америки lipase. It can hydrolyze triglycerides into glycerol and - толстый. Кислот в кислотах [7]. Lipase is applied in various fields such as food, feed, detergents, and bioenergy [8]. By Использование программного обеспечения lipase to bind specific fatty acids to a glycerol backbone, a variety Соединенные Штаты америки structural glycerides can be obtained, enhancing the value Соединенные Штаты америки the food industry. In the feed industry, the digestive properties Соединенные Штаты америки lipase are utilized По запросу: adding it to high-fat feed to address the deficiency Соединенные Штаты америки endogenous digestive 1. Ферменты in animals, thereПо запросу: promoting fat digestion and growth and development. Free-дляm lipase is highly susceptible to environmental factors such as temperature, water, light, organic reagents, and mechanical shearing during storage and catalysis, making it prone to inactivation and difficult to separate and recover. Lipases are typically immobilized to enhance their stability [9].

Common immobilization methods include physical adsorption, chemical cross-linking, and encapsulation [7]. пith advancements in technology, enzyme immobilization methods such as cross-linked enzyme aggregates, directed engineering, chemically modified mediators, interfacial polymerization, single-enzyme nanoparticles, and 3D. Д.. Д.. Д. printing technology have gradually emerged [10]. The carrier material significantly influences the properties Соединенные Штаты америки the enzyme. Common carriers для immobilized enzymes include resins, 1. Силика 1, activated carbon, and porous framework materials. О (1)rganic resins have relatively large pore sizes and exhibit good adsorption capacity для enzymes; however, they are susceptible to solvent effects, leading to damage and deformation. Inorganic silicon-carbon materials exhibit good stability but require surface modification to enhance surface area, pore size, and hydrophobicity, thereПо запросу: improving carrier loading capacity [11]. For example, B. Р.emonatto et - эл. - привет. immobilized Eversa lipase on a hydrophobic carrier (Sepabeads C-18) and hydrolyzed sunflower 1. Нефть at 40°C, achieving 98% ethyl esterification Соединенные Штаты америки fatty acids сin 3 hours. and after six reaction cycles, the immobilized enzyme retained 70% Соединенные Штаты америки its Деятельность организации объединенных наций [12].

To better align with the concept Соединенные Штаты америки green development, researchers have foc- использованиеd on new green carriers, such as cellulose, starch, and- белки;. Cai et - эл. - привет. [13] immobilized По промышленному развитию lipase on spherical С помощью бактерий cellulose, finding that this Усиленная система управления enzyme activity and stability. G. Г.uan et - эл. - привет. [14] cross-linked the enzyme onto self-made α-lactalbumin nanotubes, resulting in a 68% increase in activity and enhanced affinity for the substrate.

Cui et - эл. - привет. [15] reported a new Sn-1,3-specific lipase MA- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - J...............1 (marine Janibacter sp. strain HTCC2649) and loaded it onto resin ECB. Р.1030 to prepare LML-- тип structural esters. Using tri-octanoic acid glyceride and methyl palmitate as substrates, the yield Соединенные Штаты америки LML-type structural esters reached 44.3 mol%. Currently, commonly used commercial immobilized lipases for Medium Long Chain Triglycerides preparation include Novozyme 435, Lipozyme TL IM, and Lipozyme B. Р.M IM (Table 1). Meanwhile, with the continuous development Соединенные Штаты америки enzyme engineering technology, China is actively exploring and producing new lipases, such as Green Microbe Lipase and Candida sp. 99-125 Lipase, providing a driving force for the enzymatic preparation Соединенные Штаты америки Medium Long Chain Triglycerides.

2 Enzymatic Ii. Обобщение Соединенные Штаты америки Medium Long Chain Triglycerides

The enzymatic Ii. Обобщение Соединенные Штаты америки Medium Long Chain Triglycerides primarily involves esterification, acid hydrolysis, and ester exchange methods.

2.1 Esterification method

The esterification method involves the direct esterification reaction Соединенные Штаты америки glycerol with medium-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids under enzymatic catalysis to synthesize Medium Long Chain Triglycerides (Figure 1). уang et - эл. - привет. [16] used Novozym 435 to catalyze the esterification reaction between octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and oleic acid with glycerol. The reaction was conducted at 90°C in a vacuum, solvent-free system for 12.37 hours, yielding Medium Long Chain Triglycerides with a yield Соединенные Штаты америки 72.19%. The content Соединенные Штаты америки caprylic acid, decanoic acid, and long-chain fatty acids in the glyceride esters was 24%, 10%, and 66%, respectively, while the free fatty acid content in the product was 4.21%. Studies showed that enzyme activity did not decrease significantly after 14 consecutive uses. К. К.oh et - эл. - привет. [17] used a response surface method to investigate the effects Соединенные Штаты америки time, temperature, enzyme amount, and substrate ratio on the catalysis Соединенные Штаты америки glycerol and a mixture Соединенные Штаты америки decanoic acid and oleic acid По запросу: lipase B. Р.M IM to prepare Medium Long Chain Triglycerides under vacuum conditions. The results showed that under optimal conditions (70°C, 14 h), the glycerol content in the product was 70.43%, and the Medium Long Chain Triglycerides yield was 56.35%. In a scaled-up experiment with 500 g Соединенные Штаты америки substrate, the Medium Long Chain Triglycerides content in the crude product after purification was 76%.

Medium Long Chain Triglycerides with specific structures or containing special fatty acids has gained increasing attention, such as MLM and LML-type medium-chain structure lipids, lipids containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and glycerol triester С большим запасом in conjugated linoleic acid [18]. Compared to the one-step esterification method, the two-step method first prepares Sn-2 monoglycerides, followed По запросу: esterification, enabling the production Соединенные Штаты америки Medium Long Chain Triglycerides with special configurations such as MLM and LML. Zhong Chen et - эл. - привет. [19] first used Lipozyme TL IM to hydrolyze anchovy fish 1. Нефть into 2-monoacylglycerides, which were then esterified with caprylic acid at 40°C for 24 hours to obtain high-purity MLM-type structural esters. The maximum conversion rate Соединенные Штаты америки MLM-structured triacylglycerols was 91.84%. Among these, CA-LSFAs (long-chain saturated fatty acids)-CA (22.27%) and CA-P. P.. P.UFAs-CA (44.67%) were the main types Соединенные Штаты америки MLM-structured triacylglycerols.

The esterification method is typically carried out at higher temperatures (70–90°C) under vacuum conditions to promptly remove water generated during the reaction and inhibit the hydrolysis Соединенные Штаты америки glycerides, thereПо запросу: improving the conversion rate of Medium Long Chain Triglycerides production via esterification. The direct esterification method is simple to operate, has a wide range of substrate sources, and can adjust substrate ratios according to product requirements for fatty acid types and content, making it promising for industrial production. However, this process requires breakДо конца годаs in the preparation of high-activity, high-stability immobilized enzymes.

2.2 Acid hydrolysis method

The acid hydrolysis method involves the replacement reaction of medium-chain fatty acids, long-chain glycerides, or long-chain fatty acids with medium-chain glycerides under enzymatic catalysis to produce Medium Long Chain Triglycerides (Figure 2). Liu Manman et - эл. - привет. [20] used lipase Lipozyme RMIM to catalyze the acidolysis reaction of octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and Соевые бобы и соевые бобы 1. Нефть to prepare MLM-type structural lipids. Single-factor experimental analysis indicated that under optimal reaction conditions (65°C, 5 h), the octanoic acid content in the MLM structural lipids was 20.0 wt%, and decanoic acid content of 10.5 wt%. Li et - эл. - привет. [21] used lipase Lipozyme AOAB8 to catalyze the acid hydrolysis of lauric acid and alginic acid, yielding Medium Long Chain Triglycerides structural esters С большим запасом in lauric acid and ДГВ (ДГВ). Under optimal conditions (65°C, 2.5 h, 12 wt% lipase), the Medium Long Chain Triglycerides obtained contained 30.91% lauric acid and 44.68% ДГВ (ДГВ). After nine uses of the lipase, the lauric acid content remained above 20%.

The enzymes typically used in the acid hydrolysis method are Lipozyme TL IM or Lipozyme RM IM, as lipase exhibits positional selectivity at the Sn-1,3 position. The resulting structural esters are primarily MLL and MLM types, with small amounts of MML and LML types obtainable through acyl transfer. Due to the reaction itself and the presence of long-chain fatty acids in the raw materials, the content of medium-chain fatty acids in the products is generally less than 60%. Only after prolonged reaction can higher levels be achieved (Table 1). Natural long-chain triglycerides have a wide range of sources. пhen reacted with medium-chain fatty acids via acid hydrolysis, Medium Long Chain Triglycerides can be obtained. By altering the type of substrate triglyceride, Medium Long Chain Triglycerides containing different fatty acids can be produced. The esterification and acid hydrolysis methods require lengthy reaction times, have low yields, and necessitate significant resource and energy consumption for separating fatty acids to obtain purified Medium Long Chain Triglycerides.

2.3 Ester exchange method

The ester exchange method involves the catalytic reorganisation of fatty acids on the glycerol backbone of long-chain and medium-chain triglycerides under the action of lipase to produce Medium Long Chain Triglycerides (Figure 3). Huang Zhaoxian et - эл. - привет. [22] synthesized medium-chain triglycerides rich in α-linolenic acid По запросу: ester exchange reaction between perilla 1. Нефть and MCT catalyzed По запросу: Lipozyme RM IM, with a substrate ratio of 3:2, enzyme addition of 6%, and reaction at 60°C for 4 hours, achieving an Medium Long Chain Triglycerides yield exceeding 70%. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Xu Wendi et - эл. - привет. [23] used coconut 1. Нефть and 1. Масла rich in 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl glycerol (OPO) and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoyl glycerol (OPL) as raw materials, under the catalysis of NS40086 lipase, the Medium Long Chain Triglycerides content in the product reached 70.44%, and the structure was similar to that of По правам человека milk fat. Song Zhihua et - эл. - привет. [24] used MCT and soybean 1. Нефть as raw materials to prepare Medium Long Chain Triglycerides lipids, after screening the conditions, the optimal conditions were determined: Lipozyme TL IM addition of 5%, 65°C, reaction for 30 minutes, with Medium Long Chain Triglycerides content in the product reaching 73.73%.

Zhu Dongqi [25] utilized immobilized lipase TTL (Talaromyces thermophilus lipase) to catalyze the reaction between tri-octanoic acid glycerides and ethyl palmitate, producing LML-type structural esters with a palmitic acid binding rate of 53.31%, and the content of di-long-chain structural esters reached 56.12%. The fatty acid composition and triglyceride structure of 1. Нефтьs Из российской федерации different sources are different [26]. Sesame 1. Нефть and corn oil have similar levels of oleic acid and linoleic acid; rapeseed oil and olive oil contain over 60% oleic acid; grape seed oil and sunflower seed oil contain over 50% linoleic acid. Flaxseed oil, DHA algae oil, and microbial oil are rich in linolenic acid, DHA, EPA, and other polyunsaturated fatty acids. The preparation of functional Medium Long Chain Triglycerides rich in Omega-3 and Omega-6 has become a new research direction [21,22,27]. In actual production processes, selecting appropriate methods and suitable oil sources based on product characteristics will significantly enhance the efficiency of industrial Medium Long Chain Triglycerides production.

Lai et - эл. - привет. [28] used a self-prepared immobilized enzyme CSL@HHSS to catalyze the ester exchange reaction between different long-chain triglycerides (flaxseed oil, perilla oil, sunflower seed oil, algae oil, and garlic oil) and MCT, yielding Medium Long Chain Triglycerides containing various types of fatty acids. Under optimal conditions, the Medium Long Chain Triglycerides content reached 69.6%–78.0% after 20 minutes of reaction. The ester exchange method has the advantages of fast reaction rate, high conversion efficiency, and minimal По запросу:products. However, the product is a mixture of Medium Long Chain Triglycerides with multiple configurations, resulting in a complex product composition, including MML, LML, LLM, and MLM, making it difficult to obtain products with specific configurations. Additionally, natural sources of MCT are limited and mostly synthetic, necessitating consideration of cost in industrial production.

3 Enzymatic preparation of Medium Long Chain Triglycerides reaction systems

Different reaction systems have distinct effects on the yield and composition of Medium Long Chain Triglycerides catalyzed По запросу: enzymes. With the deepening of research in recent years, various new reaction systems have been introduced into the efficient enzymatic preparation of Medium Long Chain Triglycerides, such as continuous flow reactions, 1. Сверхкритическое состояние carbon dioxide systems, and ultrasound-assisted methods. The application of these new reaction systems has improved enzyme utilization and activity, and accelerated mass transfer between enzymes and substrates in high-viscosity solvent-free systems.

3.1 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Supercritical carbon dioxide has a density close to that of a В жидком состоянии and a viscosity close to that of a gas, with excellent diffusion coefficients, enhancing mass transfer between substrates and accelerating the reaction rate. More et - эл. - привет. [43] studied the esterification reaction of glycerol and octanoic acid catalyzed by immobilized lipase. where the substrates were pretreated under 1. Сверхкритическое состояние carbon dioxide conditions for 1 hour, followed by intermittent reaction under vacuum for 6 hours, resulting in a conversion rate of 97.3% for the conversion of free fatty acids to trioctanoic acid glycerides. Pando et - эл. - привет. [29] conducted a reaction in a 1. Сверхкритическое состояние carbon dioxide system, Использование программного обеспечения Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase as the catalyst, EPA, DHA, octanoic acid, and glycerol as substrates, and under 40°C for 4 hours of catalysis, structural glycerides were obtained, with the product containing 54.95% octanoic acid, 11.64% EPA, and 13.77% DHA.

Naya et - эл. - привет. [44] immobilized lipases Из российской федерации Candida cylindracea, Candida rugosa, Rhizopus ar⁃ rhizus, and wheat germ on porous polypropylene (Accurel MP100) particle carriers to catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides. The results showed that the immobilized enzymes exhibited higher reaction rates and reusability in a supercritical carbon dioxide system compared to an oil-water microemulsion system. This system is non-toxic and harmless, operates under mild conditions, avoids oxidation and degradation during the lipid reaction process, thereby enhancing reaction efficiency and extending enzyme lifespan. It holds significant potential as a sustainable enzyme-catalyzed environmentally friendly reaction medium. However, the equipment must withstand high pressure, has high precision requirements, and involves high R&D costs for equipment development, making large-scale industrial production challenging; additionally, the configuration of intermediate processes such as the preparation, storage, and transportation of supercritical fluids is not yet optimal, and these issues require further research and resolution.

3.2 - ультразвуковое исследование Enhancement

Ultrasound refers to sound waves with frequencies exceeding 20 kHz, characterized by high propagation frequencies, strong directionality, and intense medium vibration. Under the influence of ultrasound, the medium forms alternating compression and expansion zones, leading to changes in its state, composition, structure, and function, thereby generating the ultrasound cavitation effect [45]. The appropriate introduction of ultrasound can influence enzyme structure, enhance enzyme-substrate affinity and catalytic activity, and increase yield [46]. Li Linyuan et - эл. - привет. [47] compared the effects of different ultrasound conditions on the catalytic ester exchange Ii. Обобщение of MLM structural lipids by immobilized lipase Lipozyme TL IM in a solvent-free system. The results showed that under an ultrasonic power of 100 W and an ultrasonic working/interval mode of 5 s/10 s, the lauric acid binding rate reached 40%, which was 40%–50% higher than under shaking conditions.

Harsh B et - эл. - привет. [48] utilized flaxseed oil and caprylic acid or decanoic acid as substrates to prepare Medium Long Chain Triglycerides structural esters via acid hydrolysis under ultrasonic conditions. Under optimal conditions, a yield of 96% was achieved in 90 minutes, whereas the yield in a non-ultrasonic system under the same time conditions was below 20%. By calculating the activation energy, it was demonstrated that the activation energy was reduced by 65% under ultrasonic conditions, thereby enhancing enzyme activity. The prepared structural esters exhibited higher oxidative stability compared to flaxseed oil. Appropriate reaction time and power can activate enzyme activity, enhance substrate mass transfer, and improve reaction efficiency. Due to the slow development of equipment, no reports have been published on its application in industrial production, and further research is needed.

3.3 Continuous-flow enzyme catalysis

Continuous flow catalytic systems are enzyme-catalyzed processes based on continuous fluid flow, where enzymes are loaded into packed beds or column reactors, and substrates flow continuously through an excess of catalyst to rapidly complete the reaction. Continuous flow catalysis offers advantages such as environmental friendliness, high efficiency, sustainability, and operational stability, making it highly advantageous for industrial production [49]. Jennings et - эл. - привет. used Lipzyme RM IM as the packing material, catalyzed the acid hydrolysis of rice bran oil and caprylic acid to prepare Medium Long Chain Triglycerides structural esters, with the caprylic acid content in the product reaching 32.1% [50]. Zhang et - эл. - привет. used a packed bed to conduct enzymatic ester exchange at a pilot scale Использование программного обеспечения soybean oil and MCT as raw materials. Under conditions of 75°C and 16 min, yielding 80.07 wt% Medium Long Chain Triglycerides. At this scale, daily production can reach 100 kg[38]. Continuous-flow enzyme catalysis exhibits high efficiency, superior performance at pilot scale, high enzyme repeatability, and utilization rate, aligning with industrial production requirements, making it an optimal candidate for industrialization of Medium Long Chain Triglycerides enzyme-mediated production. Considering the cost of enzyme preparations, further research is needed to develop lipases with high catalytic activity and low cost, as well as to improve the reusability of enzyme preparations.

3.4 Ionic Liquids

Ionic liquids are low-melting salts composed entirely of cations and anions. Compared to organic solvents, they exhibit higher thermal stability and environmental friendliness [51]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that lipases exhibit superior activity, selectivity, and catalytic efficiency in ionic liquids [51–53]. Lv et - эл. - привет. [54] investigated the influence of ionic liquids on the selectivity of esterification to glycerides and found that higher ETN and Kamlet-Taft values in ionic liquids increased the content of monoglycerides, while high logP and low β values in ionic liquids led to increased concentrations of diglycerides and triglycerides. In the ionic liquid system [B₃C₁₄PH₂₉]NTf₂ (bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide salt), the content of diglycerides reached 67.6%. Fu et - эл. - привет. [55] utilized lipozyme TL IM to catalyze the ester exchange reaction between ethyl ester-type fish oil and glycerol triacylglycerol-type fish oil in an imidazole ionic liquid system, achieving a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of 63.60% in glycerol triacylglycerols, which is 11.74% higher than that in the solvent-free reaction system. Ionic liquids, as a relatively green solvent, possess good physical and chemical stability and can effectively promote the catalytic reaction of lipases. However, their application in the enzymatic preparation of Medium Long Chain Triglycerides has not been reported to date, and further investigation is needed.

4 Separation and Purification

Different substrates, enzymes, and catalytic conditions have varying effects on the composition of the final product. Common by-products in the preparation of Medium Long Chain Triglycerides include free fatty acids, monoglycerides, and diglycerides. To obtain the desired final product, further separation and purification are required, such as alkali refining and deacidification, 10. Молекулярная структура distillation, and silica gel column chromatography.

4.1 Alkali Refining and Deacidification

Alkali refining and deacidification is a common method for removing acids, achieved by neutralizing free fatty acids with alkali to form fatty acid salts, thereby separating the components. For example, Li et - эл. - привет. [21] mixed the product with hexane, 95% ethanol, and an ethanol-water solution containing 0.8 mol/L KOH (30% ethanol) to remove excess free fatty acids. Similarly, Sneha et - эл. - привет. [31] dissolved the sample in n-hexane and mixed it with acetone and ethanol solution (1:1), then added 0.1 N NaOH solution dropwise to neutralize the free fatty acids in the product. In both the esterification method and acid hydrolysis method, free fatty acids are typically present in excess, so alkaline neutralization is commonly used to remove excess fatty acids [20,28,30]. The neutralization method is simple, easy to perform, has a wide range of acid removal, and yields good results; however, it generates a large amount of wastewater after alkaline refining and washing.

4.2 Selective adsorption for acid removal

Physical adsorption for acid removal has become a research hotspot due to its selectivity, simplicity, and good reproducibility. It utilizes the functional properties of materials, hydrogen bonds with fatty acids, and acid-base interactions to adsorb fatty acids, to achieve purification. Ahn et - эл. - привет. [56] used 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane-functionalized mesoporous silica as a selective adsorbent for free fatty acids and Хлорофилл (хлорофилл) in olive oil, finding that the functionalized silica selectively adsorbed fatty acids and chlorophyll without adsorbing other components or altering the fatty acid composition ratio. Furthermore, this material is renewable and can be reused without significant performance degradation.

Singh et - эл. - привет. [57] used the resin Amberlite FPA 51 for acid removal Из российской федерации plant oils, achieving 70% adsorption of free fatty acids at 40°C. DU et - эл. - привет. [58] investigated the potential of ion exchange adsorption technology for acid removal Из российской федерации coix seed oil, The results showed that LSD-263 could remove approximately 90% of free fatty acids, with no significant changes in oil content or fatty acid composition. Khedkar et - эл. - привет. [59] investigated the characteristics of silver ion chromatography for the selective separation of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid) on a large scale. The results showed that in industrial fatty acid mixtures, linolenic acid and linoleic acid preferentially adsorb onto oleic acid, with selectivities of 1.40 and 1.16, respectively. Physical adsorption can selectively remove free fatty acids from products, making it suitable for the purification of products with low fatty acid content, such as products from ester exchange reactions.

4.3 Molecular Distillation

Molecular distillation is a distillation method performed under high vacuum conditions, relying on the differences in the average free path of molecules of different substances to achieve liquid-liquid separation. Molecular distillation not only removes fatty acids but also separates monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides, yielding glyceride products with high purity [23]. Fregolente et - эл. - привет. [60] performed distillation on triglycerides and glycerides produced by glyceride esterification reactions, with a purity of 80% for monoglycerides in the distillate stream, and the residue stream contained a glyceride-rich oil product (53.20% diesters; 1.33% fatty acids). Molecular distillation demonstrates good separation efficiency but is relatively energy-intensive.

4.4 Column Chromatography

Column chromatography separates components based on their different adsorption capacities on silica gel. Lu уanting et al. [61] investigated the application of silica gel column chromatography in the purification of medium- and long-chain glycerol triglycerides. The results showed that using hexane-anhydrous ether as the eluent, the crude Medium Long Chain Triglycerides product was purified, achieving a glycerol removal rate of 99.40% and an Medium Long Chain Triglycerides recovery rate of 95.07%. The acid value and peroxide value of the purified product were significantly reduced. Silica gel column chromatography offers comprehensive benefits such as simultaneous removal of byproducts, reduction of acid value and peroxide value, and decolorization, demonstrating promising application prospects for Medium Long Chain Triglycerides purification. However, this method employs multiple organic solvents and faces challenges in scaling up product purification, necessitating further investigation.

5 резюме и перспективы

Medium Long Chain Triglycerides, as a new food resource, possesses excellent physicochemical properties and nutritional functions, with significant market potential. Enzyme-catalyzed Ii. Обобщение of Medium Long Chain Triglycerides has been a research hotspot with significant achievements, but it also faces challenges such as limited commercial sources of lipase enzymes, high costs, insufficient research on efficient reaction systems, and the lack of inexpensive and efficient separation and purification technologies. The development, application, and industrialization of enzyme-based Medium Long Chain Triglycerides production technology still require active promotion by scientists and researchers.

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